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第七篇Time in the Animal World

Rhythm controls everything in Nature. ___1___.

The sun provides a basic time rhythm for all living creatures including humans. Nearly all animals are influenced by sun cycles and have developed a biological clock in their bodies following these cycles. The moon also exerts its force and influence on the sea. Its gravitational attraction causes the rising of the tide. ___2___.  When the moon is behind the Earth, centrifugal force causes the second tide of the day.

Animals living in tidal areas must have the instinct of predicting these changes, to avoid being stranded and dying of dehydration. Since the time of the dinosaurs, the king crab has been laying eggs¹ at the seaside in a set way². To avoid predator fish³, the eggs are always far from seawater and protected by sand. In the following two months, the eggs undergo dramatic changes related to the cycles of the moon⁴. When the second spring tide comes, the young king crabs have matured. ___3___. .

Most of the mammals, either the giant elephant or the small shrew, have the same average total number of heartbeat in their lifetime. Shrews live only for two and a half years, and spend their life at a high speed and high tempo. Animals like shrews with a pulse rate of 600 per minute have an average total of eight hundred million heartbeats⁵ throughout their life. The African elephant has a pulse rate of 25 beats per minute, and a life span⁶ of 60 years. The size of the body determines the speed of life. ___4___.

As we get older, our sense of time is being influenced by the physiological changes of our body. The elderly spend more time resting, and do few sports. ___5___. For a child, a week is seen as a long time.

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十一篇Virtual Driver   

Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzing with a brain, and coordination between hands, feet and brain. A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains. He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body. ___1___. Apparently there isn’t anyone in the driver’s cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver¹. This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too. The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right. If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system: a built-in computer. ___2___. The brain is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at², analyzing their position on the road, choosing the right path, and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.

In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver’s best advantage is that it reacts quickly. ___3___. However, it takes the world’s best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn’t include the time he needs to take action.

With its rapid reaction and accurate control, the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably. In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel³ at any time and in any place? ___4___. With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways.

The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes. ___5___. This being the case⁴, people still have high hopes about driverless cars, and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like⁵.

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第十五篇The Arctic Ice is Thawing

Father Christmas may have to move his “workshop¹” from the North Pole because global warming is thawing the ice beneath his feet and his reindeers' feet as well. His “workshop” is in dire straits. The “platform” for the “workshop” is melting, said Stefan Norris of the World Wildlife Fund environmental group's Arctic Program.

An eight-nation report by 250 scientists published recently predicted the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free in summer by 2100 because of a build-up of heat-trapping gases² in the atmosphere, mainly from burning fossil fuels in cars or factories. The North Pole is getting more and more inhabitable to Father Christmas. ___1___. Young people learn that Father Christmas' “workshop” produces millions of gifts delivered by him on a flying, reindeer-drawn sleigh. Hollywood movies like "The Polar Express³" tried to make viewers believe that Father Christmas lives at the North Pole. ___2___.     

The "Fortress of Solitude" is near the North Pole that could be under threat in a warmer world⁵. Alan Boldt, spokesman of the Danish Ministry of Science, suggested ways to rescue Father Christmas. ___3___. Another alternative, he argued, would be building some electrical facilities to ensure the ice stays on the North Pole for him. "This should be a subject for the United Nations," he said. “Danmark could build windmills to provide Father Christmas with power." Denmark says Father Christmas’s real home is Greenland, which will help, Denmark thinks, to strengthen its position in claiming the sovereignty over the Pole. ___4___.

"Doesn't he already speak Danish?" Boldt said frostily when asked if Father Christmas would be forced to learn Danish if Denmark won international recognition of its claim to the Pole. Last month's Arctic report said the region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the globe, partly because dark ground or water, once uncovered, soaks up more heat than ice or snow. Finland has been most favored by Father Christmas and it has about 500,000 tourists a year to visit its Christmas center in Rovaniemi in Lapland⁶. ___5___.

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When a person walks, the movement of his head, trunk, hipbones and limbs are all reflected in changes in his body. A computer     1     these changes into a database. Later, the computers can     2     identify him according to these changes. This is a new biological identification method and it can quickly identify an examinee     3     disturbing him. It's especially suitable for use in airports and supermarkets.

Everybody's voice is     4    . When a person's voice is recorded by an instrument, its voice frequency spectrum is called his sound print. Like a fingerprint, everybody's sound print is different. How can computers     5     his sound? First, his voice is recorded, which allows the computers to become familiar with his voice. It will then turn his sound characteristics into a     6     of digits. These digits represent the frequency, pitch and rhythm of the person’s voice. These are the     7     on which the computers can distinguish¹ his voice from     8    .

When that person needs to be identified, after he says only one word or two, the computers can identify him. The computers can even identify sounds coming     9    the wires. This will provide a     10     guarantee to electric banks and electric purchases.

We often bring ID cards², work cards, or driver licenses with us to prove our identity. If all these cards are forgotten or lost, how can we prove     11     we are? In fact, it's not difficult to prove whom you are, because your body     12     has identifying markers. Some are physiological features, such as fingerprints, sounds, facial types and eye color. The computer can help to identify you. Suppose your features have already been stored in the database³. To identify you, we have to take your picture with a camera and send it to a computer for     13    . First, the computer needs to reposition this picture according to the position of your eyes⁴, and then starts to read the message of your physiological features such as the     14     of your pupil⁵ to the whites of your eyes⁶ and the shape of his nose. Next, it seeks matching records from the database. Finally, it makes a     15    .

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第十三篇  Debate over the use of Renewable energy

     Ausubel of Rockefeller University in New York, US. says the key renewable energy sources, including sun, wind and biofuels, would all require vast 1     of land if developed up to large scale production¹ – unlike nuclear power. That land would be far better left alone², he says. Renewables look attractive when they are quite 2    . But if we start producing renewable energy on a large scale, the fallout is going to be horrible. Instead, Ausubel argues 3     renewed development of nuclear.

     Ausubel draws his conclusions by analysing the amount of energy renewables, natural gas and nuclear can produce in terms of power per square metre of land used³. Moreover, he claims that as renewable energy use increases, this measure of efficiency⁴ will 4     as the best land for wind, biofuels, and solar power gets used up.

    Using biofuels to obtain the 5     amount of energy as a 1000 megawatt nuclear power plant would require 2500 square kilometres of farm 6    , Ausubel says. "We should be sparing land for nature⁵, not using it as pasture for cars and trucks," he adds.

     Solar power is much more efficient than biofuel in terms of the area of land 7    , but it would still require 150 square kilometres of photovoltaic cells to 8     the energy production of the 1000 MW nuclear plant. In another example, he says meeting the 2005 US electricity demand via wind power alone would need 780,000 square kilometres, an area the size of Texas.

However, several experts are highly critical     9     Ausubel’s conclusions. John Turner of the US government’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory says that     10     the US got all of its power from solar energy, it would still need less than half the amount of land that has been paved over for highways. Further, it need not     11     additional land. The US could get a quarter of its energy just from covering rooftops of     12     buildings, he says.

     According to Turner, the same "dual use" also applies to wind power⁶. "The footprint for wind⁷ is only 5% of the land that it 13    . Farmers can still farm the land that the turbines are on⁸. Turner says looking solely at land use is an oversimplification of the 14    . "I’m not sure I’d want to build one of these nuclear plants in Afghanistan⁹, but we could 15     put in wind and solar power," he adds.

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